Upper-Division

Focuses on physiological, behavioral, and population ecology, and on linking ecological processes to evolution. It includes basic principles, experimental approaches, concepts of modeling, and applications to ecological problems.

Paradigms and designs in marine ecology. A review of the paradigms that have shaped our understanding of marine ecology; analysis and discussion of experiments with these paradigms. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 208.

An examination of the history and mechanisms of evolutionary change. Topics include molecular evolution, natural and sexual selection, adaptation, speciation, biogeography, and macroevolution.

Introduction to the evolution, ecology, behavior, and natural history of birds, using exemplary case histories to illustrate key concepts in evolution, ecology, and behavior.

Field trips introduce students to field identification skills and field investigation of census, foraging behavior, migration, social behavior, and communication. Examination of specimens in the laboratory will be used to highlight the diversity and taxonomy of birds. Some field trips may require students to provide their own transportation.

Lectures introduce students to evolution, development, physiology, behavior, ecology, and life history of reptiles and amphibians. The materials integrate with conceptual and theoretical issues of ecology, evolution, physiology, and behavior.

Field trips introduce students to natural history, censusing techniques, physiological ecology, and behavioral analysis of reptiles and amphibians. Laboratories introduce students to techniques for analyzing behavior and physiology. Field studies culminate with a group project in a natural setting. Some field trips may be held on weekends due to weather considerations. Some field trips may require students to provide their own transportation, some transportation will be provided by UCSC. Students are billed a materials fee of $435.

An examination of the taxonomy and evolution of flowering plants. Special topics include phylogenetics and cladistics, plant species concepts, and modern methods of systematic research.

Weekly laboratory concerned primarily with California flora and plant families. Several field trips.

Introduces plant biology as it affects human society. Topics include the origins of agriculture, the morphology and chemistry of food plants, the material uses of plant products, the biology of medicinal plants, and plant diversity and bioprospecting.

An introduction to the biology of marine algae, fungi, and angiosperms with regard to form and function. Major boreal, temperate, and tropical marine plant communities. Lecture format.

One laboratory weekly and several field trips. Focuses on marine algae, fungi, and angiosperms.

An examination of invertebrates and their habitats. Lecture format.

An examination of invertebrates and their habitats. Weekly laboratories or field trips.

Introduces the biology of mammals, including their classification, evolution, behavior, reproductive strategies, and general ecology. Examines the diagnostic traits of mammals; provides a survey of the living orders along with their diagnostic features, physiological and behavioral specializations, and adaptations.

Focuses on the identification of mammals and their specific traits. Exercises provide hands-on experience at identifying mammal orders, families, and species. Field trip provides students with field techniques in mammalogy.

A survey of the diversity, structure, and functioning of California's ecosystems through time and the ways they have influenced and responded to human activities and stewardship. Topics include: ecosystem drivers such as climate, soils, and land-use history; human and ecological prehistory; comparative marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystem dynamics; and managed ecosystems such as range, fisheries, and agriculture.

A survey of the diversity, structure, and functioning of California's ecosystems through time and the ways they have influenced and responded to human activities and stewardship. Topics include: ecosystem drivers such as climate, soils, and land-use history; human and ecological prehistory; comparative marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystem dynamics; and managed ecosystems such as range, fisheries, and agriculture.

Cross Listed Courses

Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements, and previous or concurrent enrollment in ENVS 100 and ENVS 100L.

Broad overview of the ecology, evolution, physiology, and behavior of marine mammals, birds, and turtles, with an emphasis on local Monterey Bay species.

An introduction to the biology of jawless, cartilaginous, and bony fishes--their classification, evolution, form, physiology, and ecology.

One laboratory session a week and several field trips to study the biology of fish.

Lectures combined on fieldwork with large marine vertebrates in the laboratory and lectures with large marine vertebrates in the field (Monterey Bay, Ano Nuevo). Fieldwork familiarizes students with research methods, study design, and statistical approaches for research on large marine vertebrates (seals, birds, fish, and sharks). Research includes: animal tracking; physiology; behavior; foraging ecology; and energetics. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A and BIOE 20B and BIOE 20C, and satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements.

A survey of cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, and sea otters, including natural history, systematics, physiology, behavior, anatomy, and conservation.

Covers the basics of marine mammal taxonomy, anatomy, and field methods with an emphasis on local field identification and understanding of local species. Will include field trips to Long Marine Lab, Ano Nuevo, and Monterey Bay.

Principles and concepts underlying the function of tissues and organ systems in animals with emphasis on vertebrate systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOL 130.

Experiments conducted with primary focus on quantitative physiological principles of organ systems and intact organisms. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOL 130L.

An advanced-level course concerning physiological and biochemical processes associated with human performance. Emphasis is on the integration of organ systems for exercise. Topics include metabolism and fuel utilization, cardiovascular and respiratory dynamics during activity, and the effects of training. Requires a good understanding of basic physiological function and anatomy.

An introduction to basic measurement techniques used in assessing the physiological response of humans to exercise. Sessions cover oxygen consumption, respiratory rate, and heart rate monitoring during aerobic and anaerobic activity.

Course focuses on vertebrate form and function: an integration of physiology and biomechanics. Topics include: the physiology and biomechanics underlying vertebrate locomotion; vertebrate feeding; and the morphological changes associated with different locomotion and feeding strategies through evolutionary time.

Course focuses on the gross dissections all major clades of vertebrates: development, form, and diversity of organ systems and basic principles of evolution; vertebrate classification; and functional morphology, with emphasis on feeding and locomotion. Anatomical dissections integrated with the associated lecture material focusing on biomechanics, form, and function.

Cellular and organismal functions important in the life of green plants.

Weekly laboratory concerning the cellular and organismal functions of green plants.

Explores how an organism's physiology interacts with its environment including molecular to whole organism-level processes. How do animals thrive in the most diverse regions of Earth and why are some more vulnerable to change than others?

This combination lecture/laboratory course explores the use of molecular (DNA and/or protein) data in ecological and conservation research. Topics covered include data collection; marker choice; estimating genetic diversity and population structure; the inference of mating systems; and environmental genomics.

This combination lecture/laboratory course explores the use of molecular (DNA and/or protein) data in ecological and conservation research. Topics covered include data collection; marker choice; estimating genetic diversity and population structure; the inference of mating systems; and environmental genomics.

Introduces students to how mathematical models can be used to ask and answer evolutionary and ecological questions. Methods covered include optimality theory, population genetics, population dynamic models, game theory, and dynamic state-variable models. Students learn to develop their own mathematical models and to use models to make predictions. Statistical methods for combining theory and data are not covered. Class focuses on learning by doing, using in-class activities, weekly problem sets and an independent project. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 238. Prerequisite(s): BIOE 107, BIOE 109 and by permission of the instructor. (Formerly BIOE 148B, Quantitative Methods in Ecology and Evolution.)

Teaches students how to build mathematical models and fit them to data to answer questions in ecology and evolution. Includes learning to write code in the R programming language to simulate models and perform statistical analyses. Topics include population and evolutionary dynamics, species interactions, and behavior. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 239. Prerequisite(s): BIOE 107, BIOE 109, and permission of instructor. (Formerly offered as BIOE 148A Quantitative Ecology.)

An introduction to social and reproductive behavior. Emphasis on studies of vertebrates in their natural habitat. Ideas concerning the evolution of social behavior, mating systems, and individual reproductive strategies. Case histories of well-studied animals that illustrate key principles in courtship and mating, parental behavior, and food-getting behavior.

A field-based course introducing students to concepts and methods for studying behavioral ecology in nature. Students will conduct observations and field experiments on various local model organisms including elephant seals, hummingbirds, sparrows, lizards, ants, bees, frogs, and salamanders.

Online laboratory course with a remote (not in-person), virtual field component.Students learn about the scientific study of animal behavior from an ecological and evolutionary perspective through lectures, behavior videos, assignments, field observations, digital labs and final research project. The general goal, however, is to develop the ability to observe the natural world, design research, collect and interpret data, and communicate ideas.

An exploration of the ecology of plant form, function, distribution, abundance, and diversity. Topics include plant adaptation to environmental conditions, reproductive ecology, life history, population dynamics, competition, herbivory, disease, community assembly, ecosystem responses to global change, plant conservation, and restoration. Lecture with discussions of original papers and independent field projects. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 245.

Hands-on exploration of the concepts and techniques of plant ecology. A combination of lab, greenhouse, and field-based exercises (irrespective of weather conditions). Statistical analysis and scientific writing. One required weekend field trip. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 245L.

Develops the major themes of community biology: structure, trophic dynamics, succession, complex interactions among species, herbivory, evolution and coevolution. Uses case histories of well-studied marine and terrestrial systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 247.

Focuses on the ecological and evolutionary processes that drive the transmission of pathogens between hosts; the impact of disease on host populations; and what causes the emergence of an infectious disease. Includes theoretical framework, description of field techniques, and discussion of wildlife and human diseases including malaria, West Nile virus, Lyme disease, HIV, avian influenza (bird flu), Chikungunya, tuberculosis, chytridiomycosis, and Ebola.

Lectures and laboratory computer exercises designed to familiarize students with research methods, study design, statistical approaches, and analysis tools for ecological research. Students cannot receive credit for this course and ENVS 104A.

Field-oriented course in the study of animal ecology and behavior. Combines overview of methodologies and approaches to field research with practical field studies.

An intensive, on-site learning experience in terrestrial field ecology and conservation, using the University of California Natural Reserves and other natural areas. Students study advance concepts in ecology, conservation, and field methods for four weeks, then experience total immersion in field research at the UC Natural Reserves and other natural areas. Lectures, field experiments, writing assignments, and computer exercises familiarize students with research methods, study design, statistical approaches, and analytical tools for ecological research. Students complete and communicate the results of short field projects in ecology, learn the natural history of the flora and fauna of California, and plan and execute a significant, independent field-research study at the end of the quarter. Enrollment is by application. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOE 20C or ENVS 23, ENVS 24, ENVS 100; and STAT 7 & STAT 7L (formerly AMS 7 & AMS 7L). Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 151B-BIOE 151C-BIOE 151D or ENVS 109B-ENVS 109C-ENVS 109D is required. Satisfies the senior exit requirement for biological sciences majors and satisfies the senior exit requirement for environmental studies majors by prior approval. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 150, BIOE 150L, ENVS 104A or ENVS 196A.

Field-oriented course in ecological research. Combines overview of methodologies and approaches to field research with practical field studies. Students complete field projects in ecology and also learn the natural history of the flora and fauna of California. Students are billed a materials fee of $1,450. Enrollment is by application. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOE 20C or ENVS 23, ENVS 24, ENVS 100; and STAT 7 & STAT 7L (formerly AMS 7 & AMS 7L); satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 151A-BIOE 151C-BIOE 151D or ENVS 109A-ENVS 109C-ENVS 109D is required. Satisfies the senior exit requirement for biological sciences majors and satisfies the senior exit requirement for environmental studies majors by prior approval. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 150, BIOE 150L, ENVS 104A or ENVS 196A.

From lectures and discussion of terrestrial community and ecosystem ecology, students work individually or in small groups to present an idea for a project, review relevant literature, develop a research question/hypothesis, design and perform an experiment, collect and analyze data, and write a report. The instructor evaluates the feasibility of each student's project before it begins. Enrollment is by application. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOE 20C or ENVS 23, ENVS 24, ENVS 100; and STAT 7 & STAT 7L (formerly AMS 7 & AMS 7L). Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 151A-BIOE 151B-BIOE 151D or ENVS 109A-ENVS 109B-ENVS 109D is required. Satisfies the senior exit requirement for biological sciences majors and satisfies the senior exit requirement for environmental studies majors by prior approval. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 150, BIOE 150L, ENVS 104A or ENVS 196A.

Focuses on current issues in environmental and conservation biology and the emerging field methods used to address them. From field-oriented lectures about current issues in environmental and conservation biology, students pursue research project as individuals and small groups to develop hands-on experience with field skills in conservation research and resource management. Enrollment is by application. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOE 20C or ENVS 23, ENVS 24, ENVS 100; and STAT 7 & STAT 7L (formerly AMS 7 & AMS 7L). Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 151A-B-C or ENVS 109A-B-C required. Satisfies the senior exit requirement for biological sciences majors and satisfies the senior exit requirement for environmental studies majors by prior approval. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 150, BIOE 150L, ENVS 104A or ENVS 196A.

Field-intensive course comprised of weekly classes in preparation for the field component. Focuses on issues relevant to the ecology of arctic regions including arctic ecology, arctic geology and paleontology, and arctic environmental change. Students are charged a materials fee of $2,570. Enrollment is by permission of the instructor. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, and BIOE 20B and BIOE 20C; and concurrent enrollment BIOE 153B and BIOE 153C.

Field-intensive course focusing on issues relevant to the ecology of the arctic regions. Explores the changing arctic environment through lectures and hands-on research during an 18-day camping trip transecting the subarctic boreal forest to the high Arctic. Enrollment is by permission of the instructor. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, and BIOE 20B and BIOE 20C; and concurrent enrollment BIOE 153A and BIOE 153C.

Writing-intensive course focusing on developing skills in scientific communication with an emphasis on communicating issues relevant to the ecology of arctic regions. Communication products are developed during an 18-day camping trip in the Arctic. Enrollment is by permission of the instructor. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, and BIOE 20B and BIOE 20C; and satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements; and concurrent enrollment BIOE 153A and BIOE 153B.

Provides an overview of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that characterize inland waters such as lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands. Also addresses relationships between humans and freshwater, and discusses these challenges in conservation.

Field and laboratory study of the ecology of freshwater systems including lakes, streams, and estuaries. Students gain experience sampling and identifying freshwater organisms, designing and analyzing ecological experiments, and writing scientific reports.

Covers the fundamentals of evolution, including macro-evolution (the science of the evolution of organisms) and micro-evolution (the science of the evolution of populations, within a species). Field observations and field work is an integral part of the class, where demonstrations and examples are shown directly in the field. Students think, write, and report, on projects that will be elaborated and discussed with peers and faculty. Course is delivered in the field, and in person, visiting sites of archaeological importance pertinent to human evolution (caves of Sterkfontein, where hominid remains have been discovered), and national parks (Kruger National Park, Malawi National Park) where we will observe animal interactions, sexual selection, and kin selection. Students write daily journals with observations and reports.

Covers the fundamentals of ichthyology (fish biology), including taxonomy and classification, morphology, physiology, zoogeography and fisheries. Field observations and field work is an integral part of the class, where demonstrations and examples are shown directly in the field. Students think, write, and report, on projects that will be elaborated and discussed with peers and faculty. The course is delivered in the field, and in person, including visiting streams and rivers to learn about local fishes and hands-on approaches to studying the science of ichthyology. Research projects are done at Malawi National Park, a site with the greatest diversity of freshwater fishes in the world. Students write daily journals with observations and reports.

Supervised individual research projects in experimental marine biology. Students carry out a complete research project, including (1) the formation of hypotheses; (2) the design and implementation of experiments; (3) collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; and (4) write-up of an oral presentation.

Total immersion in marine ecology for very motivated students. Students develop a research project during first five weeks on campus and then spend five weeks of immersion in directed research without distraction in isolated locations off campus (past locations include the Gulf of California in Mexico and Moorea in French Polynesia). Not available through University Extension. No other courses may be taken during this quarter. Students must sign a contract agreeing to standards of behavior outlined in the UCSC Rule Book and by the instructors. Students are billed a materials, transportation (not airfare), and room and board fee of $3,000. Paradigms and designs in marine ecology. A review of the paradigms that have shaped our understanding of marine ecology and analysis and discussion of experiments with these paradigms. Students carry out a complete research project, including the formation of hypotheses; the design and implementation of experiments; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; and the write-up and oral presentation of results. Admission by interview during previous winter quarter. BIOE 159A, BIOE 159B, BIOE 159C, and BIOE 159D are equivalent to BIOE 127, BIOE 127L, BIOE 108, and BIOE 158L for major requirements. Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements; BIOE 159A, BIOE 159B, BIOE 159C, and BIOE 159D must be taken concurrently.

An introduction to the biology of jawless, cartilaginous, and bony fishes—their classification, evolution, form, physiology, and ecology. Admission by interview during previous winter quarter. BIOE 159A, BIOE 159B, BIOE 159C, and BIOE 159D are equivalent to BIOE 127, BIOE 127L, BIOE 108, and BIOE 158L for major requirements. BIOE 159A, BIOE 159B, BIOE 159C, and BIOE 159D must be taken concurrently.

Students learn quantitative methods for field experiments and surveys. Emphasis will be on marine environments, but there will also be exposure to terrestrial systems. This is the lecture component to BIOE 159D. No text is required for this course; instead, readings from the current literature will be assigned. Students are evaluated on written independent field project proposals and class participation. Admission by interview during previous winter quarter. BIOE 159A, BIOE 159B, BIOE 159C, and BIOE 159D are equivalent to BIOE 127, BIOE 127L, BIOE 108, and BIOE 158L for major requirements. BIOE 159A, BIOE 159B, BIOE 159C, and BIOE 159D must be taken concurrently.

This is laboratory portion of BIOE 159C. Students carry out independent field projects under the supervision of course instructors. All work is done during the 5-6 week off-campus portion of BIOE 159. Students are evaluated on field techniques, the final write-up of their independent field projects, and class participation. Admission by interview during previous winter quarter. BIOE 159A, BIOE 159B, BIOE 159C, and BIOE 159D are equivalent to BIOE 127, BIOE 127L, BIOE 108, and BIOE 158L for major requirements. BIOE 159A, BIOE 159B, BIOE 159C, and BIOE 159D must be taken concurrently.

Study of animal behavior from an ecological and evolutionary perspective, using lectures, exercises, discussion, and research experience in the field. Emphasis on marine environments with exposure to extraterrestrial systems and laboratory studies. Focus on how scientists study animal behavior and what has been learned about evolution and ecology and ecology of animal behavior. Admission by interview during previous winter quarter. BIOE 159E is equivalent to BIOE 140 for major requirements. BIOE 159A, BIOE 159B, BIOE 159C, and BIOE 159E must be taken concurrently.

Engages students in the evolving discipline of global change biology, which examines the relationships between organisms and their environment. Includes discussion of changes in the climate system and other human disturbances, as well as the effects of these changes on biology, from shifts in organismal performance to species distributions and the timing of biological events. Includes discussion and analysis of different lines of evidence for understanding biological responses to global change, including paleoecology, observations, experiments and modeling. Last, this course also focuses on topics in climate literacy and science communication. Admission by interview during previous winter quarter. BIOE 159A, BIOE 159C, BIOE 159D, and BIOE 159F must be taken concurrently.

Study of organization of kelp forests as models for examining biological communities. The physical and biotic factors responsible for community organization of kelp forests are explored using original literature and data collected in BIOE 161L. Class meets one full morning each week. Prerequisite(s): by interview only; BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C are required. Students must pass the University Research Diving Certification (contact the diving safety officer, Institute of Marine Sciences, for further information). Enrollment is restricted to seniors. BIOE 161L must be taken concurrently; BIOE 107, BIOE 120 & BIOE 120L, BIOE 122 & BIOE 122L are recommended.

Fieldwork using SCUBA to quantitatively and qualitatively examine the abundance and distribution of organisms in kelp forests, with additional laboratory work. Culminates with a directed individual research project. Class meets one full morning each week. Students are billed a materials fee of $500. Admission by interview. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C; satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements; BIOE 161 must be taken concurrently; BIOE 107, 120/L, 122/L are recommended. Students must pass the University Research Diving Certification (contact the Diving Safety Officer, Institute of Marine Sciences, for further information).

Integrated treatment of coral reefs, sea grasses, and mangroves emphasizing interactions and processes through time. Major topics: biological and geological history, biogeography, evolution and ecology of dominant organisms, biodiversity, community and ecosystem ecology, geology, biogeochemistry, global change, human impacts.

An interdisciplinary laboratory exploration of the anatomy, morphology, adaptations, diversity, evolution, and ecology of corals, mangroves, and seagrasses and of their physical, chemical, and geological environments.

Initially undertakes an in-depth comparison of the biology and conservation of marine versus terrestrial ecosystems. With this foundation, course examines marine biodiversity loss resulting from overexploitation, habitat loss, species introduction, and pollution, with particular emphasis on the resulting trophic cascades, biodiversity losses, and climate change. Students cannot receive credit for this course and ENVS 120.

Writing-intensive course focusing on developing skills in scientific communication, with an emphasis on communicating issues relevant to ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Presents the norms and standards of scientific communication spanning multiple genres Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 271.

Basic population genetics and selected topics will be covered, including genetics of speciation, tempo and mode of evolution, genetics of social behavior, natural selection in human populations, and the impact of molecular studies on evolutionary theory. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 272.

Provides undergraduate students with exposure to research in the laboratory of an Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (EEB) faculty member, affiliate, or adjunct. Students are not expected to do independent research but rather to assist in laboratory or field research projects under the supervision of the faculty mentor or appointed researcher. Prerequisite(s): Undergraduate research contract on file with the department. If supervised by different faculty or researchers, may be repeated for credit.

Designed to ensure that students are intellectually engaged in the planning or implementation of a supervised or independent research project, achieve a fundamental understanding of implementing the scientific method, and develop their scientific writing and and presentation skills. Prerequisite(s): concurrent enrollment in BIOE 183W and an Undergraduate Research Contract on file with the department.

Working in coordination with an Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (EEB) faculty member, affiliate or adjunct, students develop and write a formal research proposal or report and give a presentation on their research project. Includes weekly class meetings focused on the philosophy of science, basic statistics, library searches, inputting data, creating graphs, and preparing results for publication, posters, and talks.

Students provided with the programming and statistical tools needed to undertake experimental design and data analysis in ecology and evolutionary biology—from data manipulation, exploration, and visualization to interpretation. Lectures and lab practicals provide a primer on: R programming, basic statistics and probability, hypothesis testing, linear regression, analysis of variance, multiple regression, and categorical data analysis. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 286. Enrollment is restricted to sophomore, junior, and senior biology, ecology and evolution, plant sciences, and marine biology majors and by permission of the instructor.

Continued undergraduate research on a project sponsored by an Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (EEB) faculty member, affiliate, or adjunct. Students are graded on the quality of their research and meeting the terms of their undergraduate research contract. Prerequisites: course 183W and an undergraduate research contract on file with the department.

Continued undergraduate research on a project sponsored by an Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (EEB) faculty member, affiliate, or adjunct. Students are graded on the quality of their research and meeting the terms of their undergraduate research contract. Prerequisites: course 183W and an undergraduate research contract on file with the department.

An individually supervised course, with emphasis on independent research. Students required to submit a senior thesis. Enrollment is restricted to majors in biology, ecology and evolution, marine biology, plant sciences, and the combined major with environmental studies. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency.

Provides for two credits of independent field study (a) by means other than the usual supervision in person, or (b) when the student is doing all or most of the coursework off campus. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency.

Reading, discussion, written reports, and laboratory research on selected biological topics, using facilities normally available on campus. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency.

Two-credit Tutorial. Reading, discussion, written reports, and laboratory research on selected biological topics, using facilities normally available on campus. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency.